These effects may help explain why caffeine-containing preparations are heavily used in sports and by students. Ĭaffeine is also notable for its ability to delay the onset of fatigue and decrease perceived exertion through increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Caffeine binds to the receptor in place of adenosine, thus inactivating the inhibitory effect of adenosine binding on dopamine release, leading to further increases in dopamine and greater arousal. Ĭaffeine is structurally similar to adenosine and acts as a competitive inhibitor for adenosine receptors. Caffeine’s greatest effect takes place in the basal ganglia, where its inhibitory action on adenosine receptors and synergistic effect with dopamine turn off pathways which act to restrict motor activation signals in the brain. It is a lipophilic molecule which easily crosses the blood–brain barrier, and increases neurotransmitter concentration in the brain. Caffeine is considered a drug and works as a central nervous system stimulant. This is a group with developing neural and cardiovascular systems and the consequences of energy drink use are unclear and unpredictable.Ĭaffeine is a widely consumed phytochemical present in beverages, food, and over-the-counter medications. Energy drink advertising has been a particular target for criticism due to the marketing of the beverages to minors. Īlthough the market is growing rapidly, the adverse effects of energy drink consumption raise concerns. According to Allied Market Research, the global energy drink market was valued at $53 billion dollars in 2018 and will increase to $86 billion by the year 2026. While this increase can be attributed to several factors, most notable are the aggressive marketing, increased distribution, and a growing consumer base. Importantly, 45% of deployed military personnel are reported to consume a minimum of one energy drink daily, with 14% having three or more. In the United States, 51% of college students consume at least one energy drink per month and almost a third of students between grades 8 and 12 drink them. What remains unclear is how concomitant use of other stimulants such as amphetamines and nicotine may interact to potentiate neural and circulatory responses and cardiovascular consequences when combined with energy drinks. It is likely that these cardiovascular outcomes are triggered by the hemodynamic, autonomic, and electrocardiographic responses to energy drink consumption. Events such as atrial fibrillation may even occur in otherwise healthy subjects with structurally normal hearts. However, multiple anecdotal reports implicate energy drinks in adverse cardiovascular events including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. There are no systematic long term studies identifying consequences of frequent energy drink consumption. While limited data are available regarding their autonomic and hemodynamic effects, current literature suggests that energy drink consumption is accompanied by increases in blood pressure, sympathetic drive, and also in QT prolongation. Young people, particularly those engaged in sports, studying, and in the military are especially likely to be consumers of energy drinks. The components of these beverages are sometimes unclear but commonly include caffeine, sugars, taurine, and B-vitamins. There is an increasing consumption of energy drinks both in the United States and worldwide.
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